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/*!

    \page qt4-network.html

    \title The Network Module in Qt 4

    \contentspage {What's New in Qt 4}{Home}

    \previouspage The Qt 4 Database GUI Layer

    \nextpage The Qt 4 Style API

    The network module in Qt 4 provides some new features, such as

    support for internationalized domain names, better IPv6 support,

    and better performance. And since Qt 4 allows us to break binary

    compatibility with previous releases, we took this opportunity to

    improve the class names and API to make them more intuitive to

    use.

    \tableofcontents

    \section1 General Overview

    Compared to Qt 3, the network module in Qt 4 brings the following

    benefits:

    \list

    \o  The Qt 4 network classes have more intuitive names and APIs.

        For example, QServerSocket has been renamed QTcpServer.

    \o  The entire network module is \l{reentrant}, making it

        possible to use them simultaneously from multiple threads.

    \o  It is now possible to send and receive UDP datagrams and to

        use synchronous (i.e., blocking) sockets without having to

        use a low-level API (QSocketDevice in Qt 3).

    \o  QHostAddress and QHostInfo support internationalized domain names

        (RFC 3492).

    \o  QUrl is more lightweight and fully supports the latest URI

        specification draft.

    \o  UDP broadcasting is now supported.

    \endlist

    The Qt 4 network module provides fundamental classes for writing

    TCP and UDP applications, as well as higher-level classes that

    implement the client side of the HTTP and FTP protocols.

    Here's an overview of the TCP and UDP classes:

    \list

    \o  QTcpSocket encapsulates a TCP socket. It inherits from

        QIODevice, so you can use QTextStream and QDataStream to read

        or write data. It is useful for writing both clients and

        servers.

    \o  QTcpServer allows you to listen on a certain port on a

        server. It emits a

        \l{QTcpServer::newConnection()}{newConnection()} signal every

        time a client tries to connect to the server. Once the

        connection is established, you can talk to the client using

        QTcpSocket.

    \o  QUdpSocket is an API for sending and receiving UDP datagrams.

    \endlist

    QTcpSocket and QUdpSocket inherit most of their functionality

    from QAbstractSocket. You can also use QAbstractSocket directly

    as a wrapper around a native socket descriptor.

    By default, the socket classes work asynchronously (i.e., they

    are non-blocking), emitting signals to notify when data has

    arrived or when the peer has closed the connection. In

    multithreaded applications and in non-GUI applications, you also

    have the opportunity of using blocking (synchronous) functions on

    the socket, which often results in a more straightforward style

    of programming, with the networking logic concentrated in one or

    two functions instead of spread across multiple slots.

    QFtp and QNetworkAccessManager and its associated classes use

    QTcpSocket internally to implement the FTP and HTTP protocols. The

    classes work asynchronously and can schedule (i.e., queue)

    requests.

    The network module contains four helper classes: QHostAddress,

    QHostInfo, QUrl, and QUrlInfo. QHostAddress stores an IPv4 or IPv6

    address, QHostInfo resolves host names into addresses, QUrl stores a

    URL, and QUrlInfo stores information about a resource pointed to

    by a URL, such as the file size and modification date. (Because

    QUrl is used by QTextBrowser, it is part of the QtCore library and

    not of QtNetwork.)

    See the \l QtNetwork module overview for more information.

    \section1 Example Code

    All the code snippets presented here are quoted from

    self-contained, compilable examples located in Qt's \c

    examples/network directory.

    \section2 TCP Client

    The first example illustrates how to write a TCP client using

    QTcpSocket. The client talks to a fortune server that provides

    fortune to the user. Here's how to set up the socket:

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneclient/client.cpp 1

    \codeline

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneclient/client.cpp 2

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneclient/client.cpp 4

    When the user requests a new fortune, the client establishes a

    connection to the server:

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneclient/client.cpp 7

    When the server answers, the following code is executed to read

    the data from the socket:

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneclient/client.cpp 9

    The server's answer starts with a \e size field (which we store

    in \c blockSize), followed by \e size bytes of data. If the

    client hasn't received all the data yet, it waits for the server

    to send more.

    An alternative approach is to use a blocking socket. The code can

    then be concentrated in one function:

    \snippet examples/network/blockingfortuneclient/fortunethread.cpp 7

    \section2 TCP Server

    The following code snippets illustrate how to write a TCP server

    using QTcpServer and QTcpSocket. Here's how to set up a TCP

    server:

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneserver/server.cpp 0

    \codeline

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneserver/server.cpp 3

    When a client tries to connect to the server, the following code

    in the sendFortune() slot is executed:

    \snippet examples/network/fortuneserver/server.cpp 5

    \section2 UDP Senders and Receivers

    Here's how to broadcast a UDP datagram:

    \snippet examples/network/broadcastsender/sender.cpp 0

    \snippet examples/network/broadcastsender/sender.cpp 1

    Here's how to receive a UDP datagram:

    \snippet examples/network/broadcastreceiver/receiver.cpp 0

    \codeline

    \snippet examples/network/broadcastreceiver/receiver.cpp 1

    Then in the processPendingDatagrams() slot:

    \snippet examples/network/broadcastreceiver/receiver.cpp 2

    \section1 Comparison with Qt 3

    The main difference between Qt 3 and Qt 4 is that the very high

    level QNetworkProtocol and QUrlOperator abstraction has been

    eliminated. These classes attempted the impossible (unify FTP and

    HTTP under one roof), and unsurprisingly failed at that. Qt 4

    still provides QFtp, and it also proveds the QNetworkAccessManager.

    The QSocket class in Qt 3 has been renamed QTcpSocket. The new

    class is reentrant and supports blocking. It's also easier to

    handle closing than with Qt 3, where you had to connect to both

    the QSocket::connectionClosed() and the

    QSocket::delayedCloseFinished() signals.

    The QServerSocket class in Qt 3 has been renamed QTcpServer. The

    API has changed quite a bit. While in Qt 3 it was necessary to

    subclass QServerSocket and reimplement the newConnection() pure

    virtual function, QTcpServer now emits a

    \l{QTcpServer::newConnection()}{newConnection()} signal that you

    can connect to a slot.

    The QHostInfo class has been redesigned to use the operating system's

    getaddrinfo() function instead of implementing the DNS protocol.

    Internally, QHostInfo simply starts a thread and calls getaddrinfo()

    in that thread. This wasn't possible in Qt 3 because

    getaddrinfo() is a blocking call and Qt 3 could be configured

    without multithreading support.

    The QSocketDevice class in Qt 3 is no longer part of the public

    Qt API. If you used QSocketDevice to send or receive UDP

    datagrams, use QUdpSocket instead. If you used QSocketDevice

    because it supported blocking sockets, use QTcpSocket or

    QUdpSocket instead and use the blocking functions

    (\l{QAbstractSocket::waitForConnected()}{waitForConnected()},

    \l{QAbstractSocket::waitForConnected()}{waitForReadyRead()},

    etc.). If you used QSocketDevice from a non-GUI thread because it

    was the only reentrant networking class in Qt 3, use QTcpSocket,

    QTcpServer, or QUdpSocket instead.

    Internally, Qt 4 has a class called QSocketLayer that provides a

    cross-platform low-level socket API. It resembles the old

    QSocketDevice class. We might make it public in a later release

    if users ask for it.

    As an aid to porting to Qt 4, the \l{Qt3Support}

    library includes Q3Dns, Q3ServerSocket, Q3Socket, and Q3SocketDevice

    classes.

*/