:mod:`zipfile` --- Work with ZIP archives

=========================================

.. module:: zipfile

   :synopsis: Read and write ZIP-format archive files.

.. moduleauthor:: James C. Ahlstrom <jim@interet.com>

.. sectionauthor:: James C. Ahlstrom <jim@interet.com>

.. versionadded:: 1.6

The ZIP file format is a common archive and compression standard. This module

provides tools to create, read, write, append, and list a ZIP file.  Any

advanced use of this module will require an understanding of the format, as

defined in `PKZIP Application Note

<http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT>`_.

This module does not currently handle multi-disk ZIP files, or ZIP files

which have appended comments (although it correctly handles comments

added to individual archive members---for which see the :ref:`zipinfo-objects`

documentation). It can handle ZIP files that use the ZIP64 extensions

(that is ZIP files that are more than 4 GByte in size).  It supports

decryption of encrypted files in ZIP archives, but it currently cannot

create an encrypted file.  Decryption is extremely slow as it is

implemented in native python rather than C.

For other archive formats, see the :mod:`bz2`, :mod:`gzip`, and

:mod:`tarfile` modules.

The module defines the following items:

.. exception:: BadZipfile

   The error raised for bad ZIP files (old name: ``zipfile.error``).

.. exception:: LargeZipFile

   The error raised when a ZIP file would require ZIP64 functionality but that has

   not been enabled.

.. class:: ZipFile

   The class for reading and writing ZIP files.  See section

   :ref:`zipfile-objects` for constructor details.

.. class:: PyZipFile

   Class for creating ZIP archives containing Python libraries.

.. class:: ZipInfo([filename[, date_time]])

   Class used to represent information about a member of an archive. Instances

   of this class are returned by the :meth:`getinfo` and :meth:`infolist`

   methods of :class:`ZipFile` objects.  Most users of the :mod:`zipfile` module

   will not need to create these, but only use those created by this

   module. *filename* should be the full name of the archive member, and

   *date_time* should be a tuple containing six fields which describe the time

   of the last modification to the file; the fields are described in section

   :ref:`zipinfo-objects`.

.. function:: is_zipfile(filename)

   Returns ``True`` if *filename* is a valid ZIP file based on its magic number,

   otherwise returns ``False``.  This module does not currently handle ZIP files

   which have appended comments.

.. data:: ZIP_STORED

   The numeric constant for an uncompressed archive member.

.. data:: ZIP_DEFLATED

   The numeric constant for the usual ZIP compression method.  This requires the

   zlib module.  No other compression methods are currently supported.

.. seealso::

   `PKZIP Application Note <http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT>`_

      Documentation on the ZIP file format by Phil Katz, the creator of the format and

      algorithms used.

   `Info-ZIP Home Page <http://www.info-zip.org/>`_

      Information about the Info-ZIP project's ZIP archive programs and development

      libraries.

.. _zipfile-objects:

ZipFile Objects

---------------

.. class:: ZipFile(file[, mode[, compression[, allowZip64]]])

   Open a ZIP file, where *file* can be either a path to a file (a string) or a

   file-like object.  The *mode* parameter should be ``'r'`` to read an existing

   file, ``'w'`` to truncate and write a new file, or ``'a'`` to append to an

   existing file.  If *mode* is ``'a'`` and *file* refers to an existing ZIP file,

   then additional files are added to it.  If *file* does not refer to a ZIP file,

   then a new ZIP archive is appended to the file.  This is meant for adding a ZIP

   archive to another file, such as :file:`python.exe`.  Using ::

      cat myzip.zip >> python.exe

   also works, and at least :program:`WinZip` can read such files. If *mode* is

   ``a`` and the file does not exist at all, it is created. *compression* is the

   ZIP compression method to use when writing the archive, and should be

   :const:`ZIP_STORED` or :const:`ZIP_DEFLATED`; unrecognized values will cause

   :exc:`RuntimeError` to be raised.  If :const:`ZIP_DEFLATED` is specified but the

   :mod:`zlib` module is not available, :exc:`RuntimeError` is also raised.  The

   default is :const:`ZIP_STORED`.  If *allowZip64* is ``True`` zipfile will create

   ZIP files that use the ZIP64 extensions when the zipfile is larger than 2 GB. If

   it is  false (the default) :mod:`zipfile` will raise an exception when the ZIP

   file would require ZIP64 extensions. ZIP64 extensions are disabled by default

   because the default :program:`zip` and :program:`unzip` commands on Unix (the

   InfoZIP utilities) don't support these extensions.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6

      If the file does not exist, it is created if the mode is 'a'.

.. method:: ZipFile.close()

   Close the archive file.  You must call :meth:`close` before exiting your program

   or essential records will not be written.

.. method:: ZipFile.getinfo(name)

   Return a :class:`ZipInfo` object with information about the archive member

   *name*.  Calling :meth:`getinfo` for a name not currently contained in the

   archive will raise a :exc:`KeyError`.

.. method:: ZipFile.infolist()

   Return a list containing a :class:`ZipInfo` object for each member of the

   archive.  The objects are in the same order as their entries in the actual ZIP

   file on disk if an existing archive was opened.

.. method:: ZipFile.namelist()

   Return a list of archive members by name.

.. method:: ZipFile.open(name[, mode[, pwd]])

   Extract a member from the archive as a file-like object (ZipExtFile). *name* is

   the name of the file in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` object. The *mode*

   parameter, if included, must be one of the following: ``'r'`` (the  default),

   ``'U'``, or ``'rU'``. Choosing ``'U'`` or  ``'rU'`` will enable universal newline

   support in the read-only object. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files.

   Calling  :meth:`open` on a closed ZipFile will raise a  :exc:`RuntimeError`.

   .. note::

      The file-like object is read-only and provides the following methods:

      :meth:`read`, :meth:`readline`, :meth:`readlines`, :meth:`__iter__`,

      :meth:`next`.

   .. note::

      If the ZipFile was created by passing in a file-like object as the  first

      argument to the constructor, then the object returned by :meth:`.open` shares the

      ZipFile's file pointer.  Under these  circumstances, the object returned by

      :meth:`.open` should not  be used after any additional operations are performed

      on the  ZipFile object.  If the ZipFile was created by passing in a string (the

      filename) as the first argument to the constructor, then  :meth:`.open` will

      create a new file object that will be held by the ZipExtFile, allowing it to

      operate independently of the  ZipFile.

   .. note::

      The :meth:`open`, :meth:`read` and :meth:`extract` methods can take a filename

      or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.  You will appreciate this when trying to read a

      ZIP file that contains members with duplicate names.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. method:: ZipFile.extract(member[, path[, pwd]])

   Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory; *member*

   must be its full name or a :class:`ZipInfo` object).  Its file information is

   extracted as accurately as possible.  *path* specifies a different directory

   to extract to.  *member* can be a filename or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.

   *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. method:: ZipFile.extractall([path[, members[, pwd]]])

   Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory.  *path* 

   specifies a different directory to extract to.  *members* is optional and must

   be a subset of the list returned by :meth:`namelist`.  *pwd* is the password

   used for encrypted files.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. method:: ZipFile.printdir()

   Print a table of contents for the archive to ``sys.stdout``.

.. method:: ZipFile.setpassword(pwd)

   Set *pwd* as default password to extract encrypted files.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. method:: ZipFile.read(name[, pwd])

   Return the bytes of the file *name* in the archive.  *name* is the name of the

   file in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.  The archive must be open for

   read or append. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted  files and, if specified,

   it will override the default password set with :meth:`setpassword`.  Calling

   :meth:`read` on a closed ZipFile  will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6

      *pwd* was added, and *name* can now be a :class:`ZipInfo` object.

.. method:: ZipFile.testzip()

   Read all the files in the archive and check their CRC's and file headers.

   Return the name of the first bad file, or else return ``None``. Calling

   :meth:`testzip` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.

.. method:: ZipFile.write(filename[, arcname[, compress_type]])

   Write the file named *filename* to the archive, giving it the archive name

   *arcname* (by default, this will be the same as *filename*, but without a drive

   letter and with leading path separators removed).  If given, *compress_type*

   overrides the value given for the *compression* parameter to the constructor for

   the new entry.  The archive must be open with mode ``'w'`` or ``'a'`` -- calling

   :meth:`write` on a ZipFile created with mode ``'r'`` will raise a

   :exc:`RuntimeError`.  Calling  :meth:`write` on a closed ZipFile will raise a

   :exc:`RuntimeError`.

   .. note::

      There is no official file name encoding for ZIP files. If you have unicode file

      names, you must convert them to byte strings in your desired encoding before

      passing them to :meth:`write`. WinZip interprets all file names as encoded in

      CP437, also known as DOS Latin.

   .. note::

      Archive names should be relative to the archive root, that is, they should not

      start with a path separator.

   .. note::

      If ``arcname`` (or ``filename``, if ``arcname`` is  not given) contains a null

      byte, the name of the file in the archive will be truncated at the null byte.

.. method:: ZipFile.writestr(zinfo_or_arcname, bytes)

   Write the string *bytes* to the archive; *zinfo_or_arcname* is either the file

   name it will be given in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` instance.  If it's

   an instance, at least the filename, date, and time must be given.  If it's a

   name, the date and time is set to the current date and time. The archive must be

   opened with mode ``'w'`` or ``'a'`` -- calling  :meth:`writestr` on a ZipFile

   created with mode ``'r'``  will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.  Calling

   :meth:`writestr` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.

   .. note::

      When passing a :class:`ZipInfo` instance as the *zinfo_or_acrname* parameter, 

      the compression method used will be that specified in the *compress_type* 

      member of the given :class:`ZipInfo` instance.  By default, the 

      :class:`ZipInfo` constructor sets this member to :const:`ZIP_STORED`.

The following data attributes are also available:

.. attribute:: ZipFile.debug

   The level of debug output to use.  This may be set from ``0`` (the default, no

   output) to ``3`` (the most output).  Debugging information is written to

   ``sys.stdout``.

.. attribute:: ZipFile.comment

   The comment text associated with the ZIP file.  If assigning a comment to a 

   :class:`ZipFile` instance created with mode 'a' or 'w', this should be a 

   string no longer than 65535 bytes.  Comments longer than this will be 

   truncated in the written archive when :meth:`ZipFile.close` is called.

.. _pyzipfile-objects:

PyZipFile Objects

-----------------

The :class:`PyZipFile` constructor takes the same parameters as the

:class:`ZipFile` constructor.  Instances have one method in addition to those of

:class:`ZipFile` objects.

.. method:: PyZipFile.writepy(pathname[, basename])

   Search for files :file:`\*.py` and add the corresponding file to the archive.

   The corresponding file is a :file:`\*.pyo` file if available, else a

   :file:`\*.pyc` file, compiling if necessary.  If the pathname is a file, the

   filename must end with :file:`.py`, and just the (corresponding

   :file:`\*.py[co]`) file is added at the top level (no path information).  If the

   pathname is a file that does not end with :file:`.py`, a :exc:`RuntimeError`

   will be raised.  If it is a directory, and the directory is not a package

   directory, then all the files :file:`\*.py[co]` are added at the top level.  If

   the directory is a package directory, then all :file:`\*.py[co]` are added under

   the package name as a file path, and if any subdirectories are package

   directories, all of these are added recursively.  *basename* is intended for

   internal use only.  The :meth:`writepy` method makes archives with file names

   like this::

      string.pyc                                # Top level name 

      test/__init__.pyc                         # Package directory 

      test/test_support.pyc                          # Module test.test_support

      test/bogus/__init__.pyc                   # Subpackage directory 

      test/bogus/myfile.pyc                     # Submodule test.bogus.myfile

.. _zipinfo-objects:

ZipInfo Objects

---------------

Instances of the :class:`ZipInfo` class are returned by the :meth:`getinfo` and

:meth:`infolist` methods of :class:`ZipFile` objects.  Each object stores

information about a single member of the ZIP archive.

Instances have the following attributes:

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.filename

   Name of the file in the archive.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.date_time

   The time and date of the last modification to the archive member.  This is a

   tuple of six values:

   +-------+--------------------------+

   | Index | Value                    |

   +=======+==========================+

   | ``0`` | Year                     |

   +-------+--------------------------+

   | ``1`` | Month (one-based)        |

   +-------+--------------------------+

   | ``2`` | Day of month (one-based) |

   +-------+--------------------------+

   | ``3`` | Hours (zero-based)       |

   +-------+--------------------------+

   | ``4`` | Minutes (zero-based)     |

   +-------+--------------------------+

   | ``5`` | Seconds (zero-based)     |

   +-------+--------------------------+

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.compress_type

   Type of compression for the archive member.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.comment

   Comment for the individual archive member.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.extra

   Expansion field data.  The `PKZIP Application Note

   <http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT>`_ contains

   some comments on the internal structure of the data contained in this string.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.create_system

   System which created ZIP archive.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.create_version

   PKZIP version which created ZIP archive.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.extract_version

   PKZIP version needed to extract archive.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.reserved

   Must be zero.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.flag_bits

   ZIP flag bits.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.volume

   Volume number of file header.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.internal_attr

   Internal attributes.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.external_attr

   External file attributes.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.header_offset

   Byte offset to the file header.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.CRC

   CRC-32 of the uncompressed file.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.compress_size

   Size of the compressed data.

.. attribute:: ZipInfo.file_size

   Size of the uncompressed file.