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+
+:mod:`zipfile` --- Work with ZIP archives
+=========================================
+
+.. module:: zipfile
+ :synopsis: Read and write ZIP-format archive files.
+.. moduleauthor:: James C. Ahlstrom <jim@interet.com>
+.. sectionauthor:: James C. Ahlstrom <jim@interet.com>
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.6
+
+The ZIP file format is a common archive and compression standard. This module
+provides tools to create, read, write, append, and list a ZIP file. Any
+advanced use of this module will require an understanding of the format, as
+defined in `PKZIP Application Note
+<http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT>`_.
+
+This module does not currently handle multi-disk ZIP files, or ZIP files
+which have appended comments (although it correctly handles comments
+added to individual archive members---for which see the :ref:`zipinfo-objects`
+documentation). It can handle ZIP files that use the ZIP64 extensions
+(that is ZIP files that are more than 4 GByte in size). It supports
+decryption of encrypted files in ZIP archives, but it currently cannot
+create an encrypted file. Decryption is extremely slow as it is
+implemented in native python rather than C.
+
+For other archive formats, see the :mod:`bz2`, :mod:`gzip`, and
+:mod:`tarfile` modules.
+
+The module defines the following items:
+
+.. exception:: BadZipfile
+
+ The error raised for bad ZIP files (old name: ``zipfile.error``).
+
+
+.. exception:: LargeZipFile
+
+ The error raised when a ZIP file would require ZIP64 functionality but that has
+ not been enabled.
+
+
+.. class:: ZipFile
+
+ The class for reading and writing ZIP files. See section
+ :ref:`zipfile-objects` for constructor details.
+
+
+.. class:: PyZipFile
+
+ Class for creating ZIP archives containing Python libraries.
+
+
+.. class:: ZipInfo([filename[, date_time]])
+
+ Class used to represent information about a member of an archive. Instances
+ of this class are returned by the :meth:`getinfo` and :meth:`infolist`
+ methods of :class:`ZipFile` objects. Most users of the :mod:`zipfile` module
+ will not need to create these, but only use those created by this
+ module. *filename* should be the full name of the archive member, and
+ *date_time* should be a tuple containing six fields which describe the time
+ of the last modification to the file; the fields are described in section
+ :ref:`zipinfo-objects`.
+
+
+.. function:: is_zipfile(filename)
+
+ Returns ``True`` if *filename* is a valid ZIP file based on its magic number,
+ otherwise returns ``False``. This module does not currently handle ZIP files
+ which have appended comments.
+
+
+.. data:: ZIP_STORED
+
+ The numeric constant for an uncompressed archive member.
+
+
+.. data:: ZIP_DEFLATED
+
+ The numeric constant for the usual ZIP compression method. This requires the
+ zlib module. No other compression methods are currently supported.
+
+
+.. seealso::
+
+ `PKZIP Application Note <http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT>`_
+ Documentation on the ZIP file format by Phil Katz, the creator of the format and
+ algorithms used.
+
+ `Info-ZIP Home Page <http://www.info-zip.org/>`_
+ Information about the Info-ZIP project's ZIP archive programs and development
+ libraries.
+
+
+.. _zipfile-objects:
+
+ZipFile Objects
+---------------
+
+
+.. class:: ZipFile(file[, mode[, compression[, allowZip64]]])
+
+ Open a ZIP file, where *file* can be either a path to a file (a string) or a
+ file-like object. The *mode* parameter should be ``'r'`` to read an existing
+ file, ``'w'`` to truncate and write a new file, or ``'a'`` to append to an
+ existing file. If *mode* is ``'a'`` and *file* refers to an existing ZIP file,
+ then additional files are added to it. If *file* does not refer to a ZIP file,
+ then a new ZIP archive is appended to the file. This is meant for adding a ZIP
+ archive to another file, such as :file:`python.exe`. Using ::
+
+ cat myzip.zip >> python.exe
+
+ also works, and at least :program:`WinZip` can read such files. If *mode* is
+ ``a`` and the file does not exist at all, it is created. *compression* is the
+ ZIP compression method to use when writing the archive, and should be
+ :const:`ZIP_STORED` or :const:`ZIP_DEFLATED`; unrecognized values will cause
+ :exc:`RuntimeError` to be raised. If :const:`ZIP_DEFLATED` is specified but the
+ :mod:`zlib` module is not available, :exc:`RuntimeError` is also raised. The
+ default is :const:`ZIP_STORED`. If *allowZip64* is ``True`` zipfile will create
+ ZIP files that use the ZIP64 extensions when the zipfile is larger than 2 GB. If
+ it is false (the default) :mod:`zipfile` will raise an exception when the ZIP
+ file would require ZIP64 extensions. ZIP64 extensions are disabled by default
+ because the default :program:`zip` and :program:`unzip` commands on Unix (the
+ InfoZIP utilities) don't support these extensions.
+
+ .. versionchanged:: 2.6
+ If the file does not exist, it is created if the mode is 'a'.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.close()
+
+ Close the archive file. You must call :meth:`close` before exiting your program
+ or essential records will not be written.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.getinfo(name)
+
+ Return a :class:`ZipInfo` object with information about the archive member
+ *name*. Calling :meth:`getinfo` for a name not currently contained in the
+ archive will raise a :exc:`KeyError`.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.infolist()
+
+ Return a list containing a :class:`ZipInfo` object for each member of the
+ archive. The objects are in the same order as their entries in the actual ZIP
+ file on disk if an existing archive was opened.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.namelist()
+
+ Return a list of archive members by name.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.open(name[, mode[, pwd]])
+
+ Extract a member from the archive as a file-like object (ZipExtFile). *name* is
+ the name of the file in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` object. The *mode*
+ parameter, if included, must be one of the following: ``'r'`` (the default),
+ ``'U'``, or ``'rU'``. Choosing ``'U'`` or ``'rU'`` will enable universal newline
+ support in the read-only object. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files.
+ Calling :meth:`open` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ The file-like object is read-only and provides the following methods:
+ :meth:`read`, :meth:`readline`, :meth:`readlines`, :meth:`__iter__`,
+ :meth:`next`.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ If the ZipFile was created by passing in a file-like object as the first
+ argument to the constructor, then the object returned by :meth:`.open` shares the
+ ZipFile's file pointer. Under these circumstances, the object returned by
+ :meth:`.open` should not be used after any additional operations are performed
+ on the ZipFile object. If the ZipFile was created by passing in a string (the
+ filename) as the first argument to the constructor, then :meth:`.open` will
+ create a new file object that will be held by the ZipExtFile, allowing it to
+ operate independently of the ZipFile.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ The :meth:`open`, :meth:`read` and :meth:`extract` methods can take a filename
+ or a :class:`ZipInfo` object. You will appreciate this when trying to read a
+ ZIP file that contains members with duplicate names.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 2.6
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.extract(member[, path[, pwd]])
+
+ Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory; *member*
+ must be its full name or a :class:`ZipInfo` object). Its file information is
+ extracted as accurately as possible. *path* specifies a different directory
+ to extract to. *member* can be a filename or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.
+ *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 2.6
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.extractall([path[, members[, pwd]]])
+
+ Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory. *path*
+ specifies a different directory to extract to. *members* is optional and must
+ be a subset of the list returned by :meth:`namelist`. *pwd* is the password
+ used for encrypted files.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 2.6
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.printdir()
+
+ Print a table of contents for the archive to ``sys.stdout``.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.setpassword(pwd)
+
+ Set *pwd* as default password to extract encrypted files.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 2.6
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.read(name[, pwd])
+
+ Return the bytes of the file *name* in the archive. *name* is the name of the
+ file in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` object. The archive must be open for
+ read or append. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files and, if specified,
+ it will override the default password set with :meth:`setpassword`. Calling
+ :meth:`read` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+ .. versionchanged:: 2.6
+ *pwd* was added, and *name* can now be a :class:`ZipInfo` object.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.testzip()
+
+ Read all the files in the archive and check their CRC's and file headers.
+ Return the name of the first bad file, or else return ``None``. Calling
+ :meth:`testzip` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.write(filename[, arcname[, compress_type]])
+
+ Write the file named *filename* to the archive, giving it the archive name
+ *arcname* (by default, this will be the same as *filename*, but without a drive
+ letter and with leading path separators removed). If given, *compress_type*
+ overrides the value given for the *compression* parameter to the constructor for
+ the new entry. The archive must be open with mode ``'w'`` or ``'a'`` -- calling
+ :meth:`write` on a ZipFile created with mode ``'r'`` will raise a
+ :exc:`RuntimeError`. Calling :meth:`write` on a closed ZipFile will raise a
+ :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ There is no official file name encoding for ZIP files. If you have unicode file
+ names, you must convert them to byte strings in your desired encoding before
+ passing them to :meth:`write`. WinZip interprets all file names as encoded in
+ CP437, also known as DOS Latin.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ Archive names should be relative to the archive root, that is, they should not
+ start with a path separator.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ If ``arcname`` (or ``filename``, if ``arcname`` is not given) contains a null
+ byte, the name of the file in the archive will be truncated at the null byte.
+
+
+.. method:: ZipFile.writestr(zinfo_or_arcname, bytes)
+
+ Write the string *bytes* to the archive; *zinfo_or_arcname* is either the file
+ name it will be given in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` instance. If it's
+ an instance, at least the filename, date, and time must be given. If it's a
+ name, the date and time is set to the current date and time. The archive must be
+ opened with mode ``'w'`` or ``'a'`` -- calling :meth:`writestr` on a ZipFile
+ created with mode ``'r'`` will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`. Calling
+ :meth:`writestr` on a closed ZipFile will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+ .. note::
+
+ When passing a :class:`ZipInfo` instance as the *zinfo_or_acrname* parameter,
+ the compression method used will be that specified in the *compress_type*
+ member of the given :class:`ZipInfo` instance. By default, the
+ :class:`ZipInfo` constructor sets this member to :const:`ZIP_STORED`.
+
+The following data attributes are also available:
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipFile.debug
+
+ The level of debug output to use. This may be set from ``0`` (the default, no
+ output) to ``3`` (the most output). Debugging information is written to
+ ``sys.stdout``.
+
+.. attribute:: ZipFile.comment
+
+ The comment text associated with the ZIP file. If assigning a comment to a
+ :class:`ZipFile` instance created with mode 'a' or 'w', this should be a
+ string no longer than 65535 bytes. Comments longer than this will be
+ truncated in the written archive when :meth:`ZipFile.close` is called.
+
+.. _pyzipfile-objects:
+
+PyZipFile Objects
+-----------------
+
+The :class:`PyZipFile` constructor takes the same parameters as the
+:class:`ZipFile` constructor. Instances have one method in addition to those of
+:class:`ZipFile` objects.
+
+
+.. method:: PyZipFile.writepy(pathname[, basename])
+
+ Search for files :file:`\*.py` and add the corresponding file to the archive.
+ The corresponding file is a :file:`\*.pyo` file if available, else a
+ :file:`\*.pyc` file, compiling if necessary. If the pathname is a file, the
+ filename must end with :file:`.py`, and just the (corresponding
+ :file:`\*.py[co]`) file is added at the top level (no path information). If the
+ pathname is a file that does not end with :file:`.py`, a :exc:`RuntimeError`
+ will be raised. If it is a directory, and the directory is not a package
+ directory, then all the files :file:`\*.py[co]` are added at the top level. If
+ the directory is a package directory, then all :file:`\*.py[co]` are added under
+ the package name as a file path, and if any subdirectories are package
+ directories, all of these are added recursively. *basename* is intended for
+ internal use only. The :meth:`writepy` method makes archives with file names
+ like this::
+
+ string.pyc # Top level name
+ test/__init__.pyc # Package directory
+ test/test_support.pyc # Module test.test_support
+ test/bogus/__init__.pyc # Subpackage directory
+ test/bogus/myfile.pyc # Submodule test.bogus.myfile
+
+
+.. _zipinfo-objects:
+
+ZipInfo Objects
+---------------
+
+Instances of the :class:`ZipInfo` class are returned by the :meth:`getinfo` and
+:meth:`infolist` methods of :class:`ZipFile` objects. Each object stores
+information about a single member of the ZIP archive.
+
+Instances have the following attributes:
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.filename
+
+ Name of the file in the archive.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.date_time
+
+ The time and date of the last modification to the archive member. This is a
+ tuple of six values:
+
+ +-------+--------------------------+
+ | Index | Value |
+ +=======+==========================+
+ | ``0`` | Year |
+ +-------+--------------------------+
+ | ``1`` | Month (one-based) |
+ +-------+--------------------------+
+ | ``2`` | Day of month (one-based) |
+ +-------+--------------------------+
+ | ``3`` | Hours (zero-based) |
+ +-------+--------------------------+
+ | ``4`` | Minutes (zero-based) |
+ +-------+--------------------------+
+ | ``5`` | Seconds (zero-based) |
+ +-------+--------------------------+
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.compress_type
+
+ Type of compression for the archive member.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.comment
+
+ Comment for the individual archive member.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.extra
+
+ Expansion field data. The `PKZIP Application Note
+ <http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT>`_ contains
+ some comments on the internal structure of the data contained in this string.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.create_system
+
+ System which created ZIP archive.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.create_version
+
+ PKZIP version which created ZIP archive.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.extract_version
+
+ PKZIP version needed to extract archive.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.reserved
+
+ Must be zero.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.flag_bits
+
+ ZIP flag bits.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.volume
+
+ Volume number of file header.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.internal_attr
+
+ Internal attributes.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.external_attr
+
+ External file attributes.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.header_offset
+
+ Byte offset to the file header.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.CRC
+
+ CRC-32 of the uncompressed file.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.compress_size
+
+ Size of the compressed data.
+
+
+.. attribute:: ZipInfo.file_size
+
+ Size of the uncompressed file.
+