:mod:`sys` --- System-specific parameters and functions

=======================================================

.. module:: sys

   :synopsis: Access system-specific parameters and functions.

This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the

interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter. It is

always available.

.. data:: argv

   The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script. ``argv[0]`` is the

   script name (it is operating system dependent whether this is a full pathname or

   not).  If the command was executed using the :option:`-c` command line option to

   the interpreter, ``argv[0]`` is set to the string ``'-c'``.  If no script name

   was passed to the Python interpreter, ``argv[0]`` is the empty string.

   To loop over the standard input, or the list of files given on the

   command line, see the :mod:`fileinput` module.

.. data:: byteorder

   An indicator of the native byte order.  This will have the value ``'big'`` on

   big-endian (most-significant byte first) platforms, and ``'little'`` on

   little-endian (least-significant byte first) platforms.

   .. versionadded:: 2.0

.. data:: subversion

   A triple (repo, branch, version) representing the Subversion information of the

   Python interpreter. *repo* is the name of the repository, ``'CPython'``.

   *branch* is a string of one of the forms ``'trunk'``, ``'branches/name'`` or

   ``'tags/name'``. *version* is the output of ``svnversion``, if the interpreter

   was built from a Subversion checkout; it contains the revision number (range)

   and possibly a trailing 'M' if there were local modifications. If the tree was

   exported (or svnversion was not available), it is the revision of

   ``Include/patchlevel.h`` if the branch is a tag. Otherwise, it is ``None``.

   .. versionadded:: 2.5

.. data:: builtin_module_names

   A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled into this

   Python interpreter.  (This information is not available in any other way ---

   ``modules.keys()`` only lists the imported modules.)

.. data:: copyright

   A string containing the copyright pertaining to the Python interpreter.

.. function:: _clear_type_cache()

   Clear the internal type cache. The type cache is used to speed up attribute

   and method lookups. Use the function *only* to drop unnecessary references

   during reference leak debugging.

   This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: _current_frames()

   Return a dictionary mapping each thread's identifier to the topmost stack frame

   currently active in that thread at the time the function is called. Note that

   functions in the :mod:`traceback` module can build the call stack given such a

   frame.

   This is most useful for debugging deadlock:  this function does not require the

   deadlocked threads' cooperation, and such threads' call stacks are frozen for as

   long as they remain deadlocked.  The frame returned for a non-deadlocked thread

   may bear no relationship to that thread's current activity by the time calling

   code examines the frame.

   This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.

   .. versionadded:: 2.5

.. data:: dllhandle

   Integer specifying the handle of the Python DLL. Availability: Windows.

.. function:: displayhook(value)

   If *value* is not ``None``, this function prints it to ``sys.stdout``, and saves

   it in ``__builtin__._``.

   ``sys.displayhook`` is called on the result of evaluating an :term:`expression`

   entered in an interactive Python session.  The display of these values can be

   customized by assigning another one-argument function to ``sys.displayhook``.

.. function:: excepthook(type, value, traceback)

   This function prints out a given traceback and exception to ``sys.stderr``.

   When an exception is raised and uncaught, the interpreter calls

   ``sys.excepthook`` with three arguments, the exception class, exception

   instance, and a traceback object.  In an interactive session this happens just

   before control is returned to the prompt; in a Python program this happens just

   before the program exits.  The handling of such top-level exceptions can be

   customized by assigning another three-argument function to ``sys.excepthook``.

.. data:: __displayhook__

          __excepthook__

   These objects contain the original values of ``displayhook`` and ``excepthook``

   at the start of the program.  They are saved so that ``displayhook`` and

   ``excepthook`` can be restored in case they happen to get replaced with broken

   objects.

.. function:: exc_info()

   This function returns a tuple of three values that give information about the

   exception that is currently being handled.  The information returned is specific

   both to the current thread and to the current stack frame.  If the current stack

   frame is not handling an exception, the information is taken from the calling

   stack frame, or its caller, and so on until a stack frame is found that is

   handling an exception.  Here, "handling an exception" is defined as "executing

   or having executed an except clause."  For any stack frame, only information

   about the most recently handled exception is accessible.

   .. index:: object: traceback

   If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple containing three

   ``None`` values is returned.  Otherwise, the values returned are ``(type, value,

   traceback)``.  Their meaning is: *type* gets the exception type of the exception

   being handled (a class object); *value* gets the exception parameter (its

   :dfn:`associated value` or the second argument to :keyword:`raise`, which is

   always a class instance if the exception type is a class object); *traceback*

   gets a traceback object (see the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call

   stack at the point where the exception originally occurred.

   If :func:`exc_clear` is called, this function will return three ``None`` values

   until either another exception is raised in the current thread or the execution

   stack returns to a frame where another exception is being handled.

   .. warning::

      Assigning the *traceback* return value to a local variable in a function that is

      handling an exception will cause a circular reference.  This will prevent

      anything referenced by a local variable in the same function or by the traceback

      from being garbage collected.  Since most functions don't need access to the

      traceback, the best solution is to use something like ``exctype, value =

      sys.exc_info()[:2]`` to extract only the exception type and value.  If you do

      need the traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a

      :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`finally` statement) or to call :func:`exc_info` in

      a function that does not itself handle an exception.

   .. note::

      Beginning with Python 2.2, such cycles are automatically reclaimed when garbage

      collection is enabled and they become unreachable, but it remains more efficient

      to avoid creating cycles.

.. function:: exc_clear()

   This function clears all information relating to the current or last exception

   that occurred in the current thread.  After calling this function,

   :func:`exc_info` will return three ``None`` values until another exception is

   raised in the current thread or the execution stack returns to a frame where

   another exception is being handled.

   This function is only needed in only a few obscure situations.  These include

   logging and error handling systems that report information on the last or

   current exception.  This function can also be used to try to free resources and

   trigger object finalization, though no guarantee is made as to what objects will

   be freed, if any.

   .. versionadded:: 2.3

.. data:: exc_type

          exc_value

          exc_traceback

   .. deprecated:: 1.5

      Use :func:`exc_info` instead.

   Since they are global variables, they are not specific to the current thread, so

   their use is not safe in a multi-threaded program.  When no exception is being

   handled, ``exc_type`` is set to ``None`` and the other two are undefined.

.. data:: exec_prefix

   A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform-dependent

   Python files are installed; by default, this is also ``'/usr/local'``.  This can

   be set at build time with the :option:`--exec-prefix` argument to the

   :program:`configure` script.  Specifically, all configuration files (e.g. the

   :file:`pyconfig.h` header file) are installed in the directory ``exec_prefix +

   '/lib/pythonversion/config'``, and shared library modules are installed in

   ``exec_prefix + '/lib/pythonversion/lib-dynload'``, where *version* is equal to

   ``version[:3]``.

.. data:: executable

   A string giving the name of the executable binary for the Python interpreter, on

   systems where this makes sense.

.. function:: exit([arg])

   Exit from Python.  This is implemented by raising the :exc:`SystemExit`

   exception, so cleanup actions specified by finally clauses of :keyword:`try`

   statements are honored, and it is possible to intercept the exit attempt at an

   outer level.  The optional argument *arg* can be an integer giving the exit

   status (defaulting to zero), or another type of object.  If it is an integer,

   zero is considered "successful termination" and any nonzero value is considered

   "abnormal termination" by shells and the like.  Most systems require it to be in

   the range 0-127, and produce undefined results otherwise.  Some systems have a

   convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but these are

   generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command line syntax

   errors and 1 for all other kind of errors.  If another type of object is passed,

   ``None`` is equivalent to passing zero, and any other object is printed to

   ``sys.stderr`` and results in an exit code of 1.  In particular,

   ``sys.exit("some error message")`` is a quick way to exit a program when an

   error occurs.

.. data:: exitfunc

   This value is not actually defined by the module, but can be set by the user (or

   by a program) to specify a clean-up action at program exit.  When set, it should

   be a parameterless function.  This function will be called when the interpreter

   exits.  Only one function may be installed in this way; to allow multiple

   functions which will be called at termination, use the :mod:`atexit` module.

   .. note::

      The exit function is not called when the program is killed by a signal, when a

      Python fatal internal error is detected, or when ``os._exit()`` is called.

   .. deprecated:: 2.4

      Use :mod:`atexit` instead.

.. data:: flags

   The struct sequence *flags* exposes the status of command line flags. The

   attributes are read only.

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | attribute                    | flag                                     |

   +==============================+==========================================+

   | :const:`debug`               | -d                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`py3k_warning`        | -3                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`division_warning`    | -Q                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`division_new`        | -Qnew                                    |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`inspect`             | -i                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`interactive`         | -i                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`optimize`            | -O or -OO                                |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`dont_write_bytecode` | -B                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`no_site`             | -S                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`ignore_environment`  | -E                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`tabcheck`            | -t or -tt                                |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`verbose`             | -v                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`unicode`             | -U                                       |

   +------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. data:: float_info

   A structseq holding information about the float type. It contains low level

   information about the precision and internal representation. Please study

   your system's :file:`float.h` for more information.

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | attribute           |  explanation                                     |

   +=====================+==================================================+

   | :const:`epsilon`    | Difference between 1 and the next representable  |

   |                     | floating point number                            |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`dig`        | digits (see :file:`float.h`)                     |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`mant_dig`   | mantissa digits (see :file:`float.h`)            |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`max`        | maximum representable finite float               |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`max_exp`    | maximum int e such that radix**(e-1) is in the   |

   |                     | range of finite representable floats             |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`max_10_exp` | maximum int e such that 10**e is in the          |

   |                     | range of finite representable floats             |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`min`        | Minimum positive normalizer float                |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`min_exp`    | minimum int e such that radix**(e-1) is a        |

   |                     | normalized float                                 |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`min_10_exp` | minimum int e such that 10**e is a normalized    |

   |                     | float                                            |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`radix`      | radix of exponent                                |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`rounds`     | addition rounds (see :file:`float.h`)            |

   +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

   .. note::

      The information in the table is simplified.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: getcheckinterval()

   Return the interpreter's "check interval"; see :func:`setcheckinterval`.

   .. versionadded:: 2.3

.. function:: getdefaultencoding()

   Return the name of the current default string encoding used by the Unicode

   implementation.

   .. versionadded:: 2.0

.. function:: getdlopenflags()

   Return the current value of the flags that are used for :cfunc:`dlopen` calls.

   The flag constants are defined in the :mod:`dl` and :mod:`DLFCN` modules.

   Availability: Unix.

   .. versionadded:: 2.2

.. function:: getfilesystemencoding()

   Return the name of the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames into system

   file names, or ``None`` if the system default encoding is used. The result value

   depends on the operating system:

   * On Windows 9x, the encoding is "mbcs".

   * On Mac OS X, the encoding is "utf-8".

   * On Unix, the encoding is the user's preference according to the result of

     nl_langinfo(CODESET), or :const:`None` if the ``nl_langinfo(CODESET)`` failed.

   * On Windows NT+, file names are Unicode natively, so no conversion is

     performed. :func:`getfilesystemencoding` still returns ``'mbcs'``, as this is

     the encoding that applications should use when they explicitly want to convert

     Unicode strings to byte strings that are equivalent when used as file names.

   .. versionadded:: 2.3

.. function:: getrefcount(object)

   Return the reference count of the *object*.  The count returned is generally one

   higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary) reference as

   an argument to :func:`getrefcount`.

.. function:: getrecursionlimit()

   Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth of the Python

   interpreter stack.  This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an

   overflow of the C stack and crashing Python.  It can be set by

   :func:`setrecursionlimit`.

.. function:: getsizeof(object[, default])

   Return the size of an object in bytes. The object can be any type of

   object. All built-in objects will return correct results, but this

   does not have to hold true for third-party extensions as it is implementation

   specific.

   The *default* argument allows to define a value which will be returned

   if the object type does not provide means to retrieve the size and would

   cause a `TypeError`. 

   func:`getsizeof` calls the object's __sizeof__ method and adds an additional

   garbage collector overhead if the object is managed by the garbage collector.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: _getframe([depth])

   Return a frame object from the call stack.  If optional integer *depth* is

   given, return the frame object that many calls below the top of the stack.  If

   that is deeper than the call stack, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.  The default

   for *depth* is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.

   This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.

.. function:: getprofile()

   .. index::

      single: profile function

      single: profiler

   Get the profiler function as set by :func:`setprofile`.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: gettrace()

   .. index::

      single: trace function

      single: debugger

   Get the trace function as set by :func:`settrace`.

   .. note::

      The :func:`gettrace` function is intended only for implementing debuggers,

      profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the

      implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition,

      and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: getwindowsversion()

   Return a tuple containing five components, describing the Windows version

   currently running.  The elements are *major*, *minor*, *build*, *platform*, and

   *text*.  *text* contains a string while all other values are integers.

   *platform* may be one of the following values:

   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+

   | Constant                                | Platform                |

   +=========================================+=========================+

   | :const:`0 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32s)`        | Win32s on Windows 3.1   |

   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+

   | :const:`1 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_WINDOWS)` | Windows 95/98/ME        |

   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+

   | :const:`2 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT)`      | Windows NT/2000/XP/x64  |

   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+

   | :const:`3 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_CE)`      | Windows CE              |

   +-----------------------------------------+-------------------------+

   This function wraps the Win32 :cfunc:`GetVersionEx` function; see the Microsoft

   documentation for more information about these fields.

   Availability: Windows.

   .. versionadded:: 2.3

.. data:: hexversion

   The version number encoded as a single integer.  This is guaranteed to increase

   with each version, including proper support for non-production releases.  For

   example, to test that the Python interpreter is at least version 1.5.2, use::

      if sys.hexversion >= 0x010502F0:

          # use some advanced feature

          ...

      else:

          # use an alternative implementation or warn the user

          ...

   This is called ``hexversion`` since it only really looks meaningful when viewed

   as the result of passing it to the built-in :func:`hex` function.  The

   ``version_info`` value may be used for a more human-friendly encoding of the

   same information.

   .. versionadded:: 1.5.2

.. data:: last_type

          last_value

          last_traceback

   These three variables are not always defined; they are set when an exception is

   not handled and the interpreter prints an error message and a stack traceback.

   Their intended use is to allow an interactive user to import a debugger module

   and engage in post-mortem debugging without having to re-execute the command

   that caused the error.  (Typical use is ``import pdb; pdb.pm()`` to enter the

   post-mortem debugger; see chapter :ref:`debugger` for

   more information.)

   The meaning of the variables is the same as that of the return values from

   :func:`exc_info` above.  (Since there is only one interactive thread,

   thread-safety is not a concern for these variables, unlike for ``exc_type``

   etc.)

.. data:: maxint

   The largest positive integer supported by Python's regular integer type.  This

   is at least 2\*\*31-1.  The largest negative integer is ``-maxint-1`` --- the

   asymmetry results from the use of 2's complement binary arithmetic.

.. data:: maxsize

   The largest positive integer supported by the platform's Py_ssize_t type,

   and thus the maximum size lists, strings, dicts, and many other containers