:mod:`select` --- Waiting for I/O completion

============================================

.. module:: select

   :synopsis: Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.

This module provides access to the :cfunc:`select` and :cfunc:`poll` functions

available in most operating systems, :cfunc:`epoll` available on Linux 2.5+ and

:cfunc:`kqueue` available on most BSD.

Note that on Windows, it only works for sockets; on other operating systems,

it also works for other file types (in particular, on Unix, it works on pipes).

It cannot be used on regular files to determine whether a file has grown since

it was last read.

The module defines the following:

.. exception:: error

   The exception raised when an error occurs.  The accompanying value is a pair

   containing the numeric error code from :cdata:`errno` and the corresponding

   string, as would be printed by the C function :cfunc:`perror`.

.. function:: epoll([sizehint=-1])

   (Only supported on Linux 2.5.44 and newer.)  Returns an edge polling object,

   which can be used as Edge or Level Triggered interface for I/O events; see

   section :ref:`epoll-objects` below for the methods supported by epolling

   objects.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: poll()

   (Not supported by all operating systems.)  Returns a polling object, which

   supports registering and unregistering file descriptors, and then polling them

   for I/O events; see section :ref:`poll-objects` below for the methods supported

   by polling objects.

.. function:: kqueue()

   (Only supported on BSD.)  Returns a kernel queue object object; see section

   :ref:`kqueue-objects` below for the methods supported by kqueue objects.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: kevent(ident, filter=KQ_FILTER_READ, flags=KQ_ADD, fflags=0, data=0, udata=0)

   (Only supported on BSD.)  Returns a kernel event object object; see section

   :ref:`kevent-objects` below for the methods supported by kqueue objects.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. function:: select(rlist, wlist, xlist[, timeout])

   This is a straightforward interface to the Unix :cfunc:`select` system call.

   The first three arguments are sequences of 'waitable objects': either

   integers representing file descriptors or objects with a parameterless method

   named :meth:`fileno` returning such an integer:

   * *rlist*: wait until ready for reading

   * *wlist*: wait until ready for writing

   * *xlist*: wait for an "exceptional condition" (see the manual page for what

     your system considers such a condition)

   Empty sequences are allowed, but acceptance of three empty sequences is

   platform-dependent. (It is known to work on Unix but not on Windows.)  The

   optional *timeout* argument specifies a time-out as a floating point number

   in seconds.  When the *timeout* argument is omitted the function blocks until

   at least one file descriptor is ready.  A time-out value of zero specifies a

   poll and never blocks.

   The return value is a triple of lists of objects that are ready: subsets of the

   first three arguments.  When the time-out is reached without a file descriptor

   becoming ready, three empty lists are returned.

   .. index::

      single: socket() (in module socket)

      single: popen() (in module os)

   Among the acceptable object types in the sequences are Python file objects (e.g.

   ``sys.stdin``, or objects returned by :func:`open` or :func:`os.popen`), socket

   objects returned by :func:`socket.socket`.  You may also define a :dfn:`wrapper`

   class yourself, as long as it has an appropriate :meth:`fileno` method (that

   really returns a file descriptor, not just a random integer).

   .. note::

      .. index:: single: WinSock

      File objects on Windows are not acceptable, but sockets are.  On Windows,

      the underlying :cfunc:`select` function is provided by the WinSock

      library, and does not handle file descriptors that don't originate from

      WinSock.

.. _epoll-objects:

Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects

----------------------------------------------

   http://linux.die.net/man/4/epoll

   *eventmask*

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | Constant              | Meaning                                       |

   +=======================+===============================================+

   | :const:`EPOLLIN`      | Available for read                            |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLOUT`     | Available for write                           |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLPRI`     | Urgent data for read                          |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLERR`     | Error condition happened on the assoc. fd     |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLHUP`     | Hang up happened on the assoc. fd             |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLET`      | Set Edge Trigger behavior, the default is     |

   |                       | Level Trigger behavior                        |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLONESHOT` | Set one-shot behavior. After one event is     |

   |                       | pulled out, the fd is internally disabled     |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLRDNORM`  | ???                                           |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLRDBAND`  | ???                                           |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLWRNORM`  | ???                                           |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLWRBAND`  | ???                                           |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`EPOLLMSG`     | ???                                           |

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

.. method:: epoll.close()

   Close the control file descriptor of the epoll object.

.. method:: epoll.fileno()

   Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.

.. method:: epoll.fromfd(fd)

   Create an epoll object from a given file descriptor.

.. method:: epoll.register(fd[, eventmask])

   Register a fd descriptor with the epoll object.

.. method:: epoll.modify(fd, eventmask)

   Modify a register file descriptor.

.. method:: epoll.unregister(fd)

   Remove a registered file descriptor from the epoll object.

.. method:: epoll.poll([timeout=-1[, maxevents=-1]])

   Wait for events. timeout in seconds (float)

.. _poll-objects:

Polling Objects

---------------

The :cfunc:`poll` system call, supported on most Unix systems, provides better

scalability for network servers that service many, many clients at the same

time. :cfunc:`poll` scales better because the system call only requires listing

the file descriptors of interest, while :cfunc:`select` builds a bitmap, turns

on bits for the fds of interest, and then afterward the whole bitmap has to be

linearly scanned again. :cfunc:`select` is O(highest file descriptor), while

:cfunc:`poll` is O(number of file descriptors).

.. method:: poll.register(fd[, eventmask])

   Register a file descriptor with the polling object.  Future calls to the

   :meth:`poll` method will then check whether the file descriptor has any pending

   I/O events.  *fd* can be either an integer, or an object with a :meth:`fileno`

   method that returns an integer.  File objects implement :meth:`fileno`, so they

   can also be used as the argument.

   *eventmask* is an optional bitmask describing the type of events you want to

   check for, and can be a combination of the constants :const:`POLLIN`,

   :const:`POLLPRI`, and :const:`POLLOUT`, described in the table below.  If not

   specified, the default value used will check for all 3 types of events.

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | Constant          | Meaning                                  |

   +===================+==========================================+

   | :const:`POLLIN`   | There is data to read                    |

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`POLLPRI`  | There is urgent data to read             |

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`POLLOUT`  | Ready for output: writing will not block |

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`POLLERR`  | Error condition of some sort             |

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`POLLHUP`  | Hung up                                  |

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`POLLNVAL` | Invalid request: descriptor not open     |

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   Registering a file descriptor that's already registered is not an error, and has

   the same effect as registering the descriptor exactly once.

.. method:: poll.modify(fd, eventmask)

   Modifies an already registered fd. This has the same effect as

   :meth:`register(fd, eventmask)`.  Attempting to modify a file descriptor

   that was never registered causes an :exc:`IOError` exception with errno

   :const:`ENOENT` to be raised.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. method:: poll.unregister(fd)

   Remove a file descriptor being tracked by a polling object.  Just like the

   :meth:`register` method, *fd* can be an integer or an object with a

   :meth:`fileno` method that returns an integer.

   Attempting to remove a file descriptor that was never registered causes a

   :exc:`KeyError` exception to be raised.

.. method:: poll.poll([timeout])

   Polls the set of registered file descriptors, and returns a possibly-empty list

   containing ``(fd, event)`` 2-tuples for the descriptors that have events or

   errors to report. *fd* is the file descriptor, and *event* is a bitmask with

   bits set for the reported events for that descriptor --- :const:`POLLIN` for

   waiting input, :const:`POLLOUT` to indicate that the descriptor can be written

   to, and so forth. An empty list indicates that the call timed out and no file

   descriptors had any events to report. If *timeout* is given, it specifies the

   length of time in milliseconds which the system will wait for events before

   returning. If *timeout* is omitted, negative, or :const:`None`, the call will

   block until there is an event for this poll object.

.. _kqueue-objects:

Kqueue Objects

--------------

.. method:: kqueue.close()

   Close the control file descriptor of the kqueue object.

.. method:: kqueue.fileno()

   Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.

.. method:: kqueue.fromfd(fd)

   Create a kqueue object from a given file descriptor.

.. method:: kqueue.control(changelist, max_events[, timeout=None]) -> eventlist

   Low level interface to kevent

   - changelist must be an iterable of kevent object or None

   - max_events must be 0 or a positive integer

   - timeout in seconds (floats possible)

.. _kevent-objects:

Kevent Objects

--------------

http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2

.. attribute:: kevent.ident

   Value used to identify the event. The interpretation depends on the filter

   but it's usually the file descriptor. In the constructor ident can either

   be an int or an object with a fileno() function. kevent stores the integer

   internally.

.. attribute:: kevent.filter

   Name of the kernel filter

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | Constant                  | Meaning                                     |

   +===========================+=============================================+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_READ`   | Takes a descriptor and returns whenever     |

   |                           | there is data available to read             |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_WRITE`  | Takes a descriptor and returns whenever     |

   |                           | there is data available to read             |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_AIO`    | AIO requests                                |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_VNODE`  | Returns when one or more of the requested   |

   |                           | events watched in *fflag* occurs            |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_PROC`   | Watch for events on a process id            |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_NETDEV` | Watch for events on a network device        |

   |                           | [not available on Mac OS X]                 |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_SIGNAL` | Returns whenever the watched signal is      |

   |                           | delivered to the process                    |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_TIMER`  | Establishes an arbitrary timer              |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

.. attribute:: kevent.flags

   Filter action

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | Constant                  | Meaning                                     |

   +===========================+=============================================+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_ADD`        | Adds or modifies an event                   |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_DELETE`     | Removes an event from the queue             |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_ENABLE`     | Permitscontrol() to returns the event       |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_DISABLE`    | Disablesevent                               |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_ONESHOT`    | Removes event after first occurrence        |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_CLEAR`      | Reset the state after an event is retrieved |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_SYSFLAGS`   | internal event                              |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_FLAG1`      | internal event                              |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_EOF`        | Filter specific EOF condition               |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_EV_ERROR`      | See return values                           |

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

.. attribute:: kevent.fflags

   Filter specific flags

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_READ` and  :const:`KQ_FILTER_WRITE` filter flags

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |

   +============================+============================================+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LOWAT`     | low water mark of a socket buffer          |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_VNODE` filter flags

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |

   +============================+============================================+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_DELETE`    | *unlink()* was called                      |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_WRITE`     | a write occurred                           |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXTEND`    | the file was extended                      |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_ATTRIB`    | an attribute was changed                   |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINK`      | the link count has changed                 |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_RENAME`    | the file was renamed                       |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_REVOKE`    | access to the file was revoked             |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_PROC` filter flags

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |

   +============================+============================================+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXIT`      | the process has exited                     |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_FORK`      | the process has called *fork()*            |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXEC`      | the process has executed a new process     |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_PCTRLMASK` | internal filter flag                       |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_PDATAMASK` | internal filter flag                       |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_TRACK`     | follow a process across *fork()*           |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_CHILD`     | returned on the child process for          |

   |                            | *NOTE_TRACK*                               |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_TRACKERR`  | unable to attach to a child                |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_NETDEV` filter flags [not available on Mac OS X]

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |

   +============================+============================================+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKUP`    | link is up                                 |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKDOWN`  | link is down                               |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKINV`   | link state is invalid                      |

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

.. attribute:: kevent.data

   Filter specific data

.. attribute:: kevent.udata

   User defined value